Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration: causes, types and treatment

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition where the macula, a small area at the centre of the retina responsible for fine and central vision, deteriorates due to aging. AMD progressively impairs vision, particularly central vision, and makes it difficult to see in low-light conditions.

What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) occurs when the macula deteriorates with age. The macula plays a crucial role in your ability to see details clearly and is vital for tasks like reading and recognising faces.

Types of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

There are two main types of AMD:

• Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The most common form of AMD, affecting the majority of individuals with this condition. Dry AMD occurs when the macula thins over time, and small protein deposits called drusen accumulate under the retina. Vision loss in dry AMD is gradual and occurs over several years.
• Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A less common but more severe form of AMD. Wet AMD involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina that leak blood and fluids, causing rapid damage to the macula. This type of AMD leads to quicker vision loss, with sudden blurring and distortion of central vision.

Causes and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Several factors contribute to the development of AMD:

• Age: The risk of AMD increases with age, particularly for those over 60.
• Family History: A family history of AMD raises the likelihood of developing the condition.
• Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of AMD.

Symptoms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

AMD is a progressive condition, meaning it worsens over time. The symptoms vary depending on the type of AMD:

• Dry AMD Symptoms:
  • Straight lines may appear crooked
  • Central vision becomes reduced
  • Difficulty seeing in low light
• Wet AMD Symptoms:
  • Rapid progression of vision loss
  • Dark spots in vision due to leaking blood and fluid
  • Sudden blurring and distortion of central vision

If you notice any of these symptoms, it's essential to seek medical advice promptly.

Treatment Options for Macular Degeneration

• Treatment for Dry AMD: Currently, there is no cure for dry AMD, but lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and quitting smoking, can slow its progression. Working with an eye specialist can help you adapt to vision changes over time.
• Treatment for Wet AMD: Wet AMD can be treated with anti-VEGF injections (Avastin, Lucentis, Eylea) administered directly into the eye. These injections, given under local anaesthetic, help prevent the growth of abnormal blood vessels and limit further retinal damage. Treatment frequency varies from every few weeks to months, depending on the severity of the condition.

Cost of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments

• Avastin: £800 per injection
• Lucentis: £1,800 per injection
• Eylea: £2,000 per injection
• Vabysmo: £2,300 per injection

Prices include the injection, surgeon fee, and a follow-up appointment with an OCT scan.

For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact us today.

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